When the Peninsular War ended in 1814, the prolonged struggle had all but exhausted both British government finances and the British public's enthusiasm for war. The authoritarian rule of Ferdinand VII aroused long-standing British suspicions of Spanish ways, which emerged in British literary works that depicted a retrograde, fanatical Spain. The tumultuous years following Ferdinand's reign also led to divisions among the European powers, some favouring the restoration of Ferdinand, with th ...